Coix seed (Yiyiren)

Thứ Tư, 30 tháng 11, 2011

Coix seed (Yiyiren)


Pharmaceutical Name: Semen Coicis
Botanical Name: Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf
Common Name: Coix seed, Job's tears seed.
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The seeds are obtained by removing the hard husk of the fruit, which is gathered in autumn.
Properties & Taste: Sweet or no taste and slightly cold.
Meridians: Spleen, stomach and lung.
Functions: 1. To transform dampness and promote water metabolism; 2. To strengthen the spleen; 3. To clear heat and eliminate pus
Indications & Combinations:
1. Deficiency of spleen manifested as edema, dysuria and diarrhea. Coix seed (Yiyiren) is used with Alismatis rhizome (Zexie) and White atractylodes (Baizhu).
2. Beginning stage of damp-heat febrile diseases when the pathogenic factor is at the qi level. Coix seed (Yiyiren) is used with Talc (Huashi), Bamboo leaf (Zhuye) and Rice paper pith (Tongcao) in the formula Sanren Tang.
3. Accumulation of damp-heat or stagnation of qi and blood manifested as lung abscess and intestinal abscess. Coix seed (Yiyiren), Reed stem (Weijing), Benincasa seed (Dongguaren) and Peach seed (Taoren) in the formula Qianjin Weijing Tang is used for lung abscess with cough, sputum and pus. Coix seed (Yiyiren) and Patrinia herb (Baijiangcao) in the formula Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang San is used for intestinal abscess.
Dosage: 10-30 g.
Caution & Contraindications: To tonify and strengthen the spleen, this herb is dry-fried.

Cockroach (Chechong)

Cockroach (Chechong)

Pharmaceutical Name: Eupolyphaga
Zoological Name: 1. Eupolyphaga sinensis walk.; 2. Steleophaga plancyi (Bol.)
Common Name: Cockroach
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The cockroach is caught in summer, killed by boiling in water and then dried in the sun.
Properties & Taste: Salty, cold and slightly toxic
Meridian: Liver.
Functions: To invigorate blood and remove stagnation
Indications & Combinations:
1. Amenorrhea or postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stagnation. Cockroach (Chechong) is used with Rhubarb (Dahuang) and Peach seed (Taoren) in the formula Xia Yuxue Tang.
2. Abdominal or epigastric masses. Cockroach (Chechong) is used with Turtle shell (Biejia), Rhubarb (Dahuang), Moutan bark (Mudanpi) and Peach seed (Taoren) in the formula Biejia Jian Wan.
3. Pains caused by external injuries or lumbar pain due to sprain. Cockroach (Chechong) is used with Peach seed (Taoren), Frankincense (Ruxiang) and Myrrh (Moyao). Cockroach (Chechong) may also be taken alone.
Dosage: 3-10 g; 1-1.5 g for powder.
Cautions & Contraindications: This substance is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Cnidium fruit (Shechuangzi)

Cnidium fruit (Shechuangzi)


Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Cnidii
Botanical Name: Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss.
Common Name: Cnidium fruit.
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The ripe fruit is collected in autumn, and then dried in the sun.
Properties & Taste: Pungent, bitter and warm.
Meridian: Kidney.
Functions: 1. To warm the kidneys and strengthen the yang; 2. To dispel dampness and kill worms
Indications & Combinations:
1. Deficient yang of the kidneys manifested as impotence or infertility. Cnidium fruit (Shechuangzi) is used with Schisandra fruit (Wuweizi) and Dadder seed (Tusizi).
2. Vaginal trichomoniasis. The decoction of Cnidium fruit (Shechuangzi) is used as a douche.
Dosage: 3-10 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with deficiency of yin with excessive fire or damp-heat.

Cloves (Dingxiang)

Cloves (Dingxiang)


Pharmaceutical Name: Flos Caryophylatae
Botanical Name: Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.
Common Name: Cloves
Source of Earliest Record: Yaoxing Lun.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The flower buds are gathered in September or March, when the buds turn bright red. Then, they are dried.
Properties & Taste: Pungent and warm.
Meridians: Spleen, stomach and kidney.
Functions: 1. To warm the spleen and stomach and direct rebellious qi downward; 2. To warm the kidneys and tonify the yang.
Indications & Combinations:
1. Cold in the stomach manifested as belching and vomiting. Cloves (Dingxiang) is used with Pinellia tuber (Banxia) and Fresh ginger (Shengjiang).
2. Weakness and cold in the spleen and stomach manifested as poor appetite, vomiting and diarrhea. Cloves (Dingxiang) is used with Amomum fruit (Sharen) and White atractylodes (Baizhu).
3. Weakness and cold in the stomach manifested as belching and vomiting. Cloves (Dingxiang) is used with Ginseng (Renshen) or Pilose asiabell root (Dangshen) and Fresh ginger (Shengjiang).
4. Kidney yang deficiency manifested as impotence. Cloves (Dingxiang) is used with Prepared aconite root (Fuzi), Cinnamon bark (Rougui), Morinda root (Bajitian) and Epimedium (Yinyanghuo).
Dosage: 2-5 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb should not be combined with the herb Curcuma root (Yujin).

Clematis stem (Mutong)

Clematis stem (Mutong)

Botanical Name: 1. Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom.; 2. Clematis armandii Franch.; 3. C. Montana Buch.-Ham.
Common Name: Akebia, Clematis stem.
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The stems are gathered in spring or autumn. The bark is removed, and the stems are dried in the sun.
Properties & Taste: Bitter and cold.
Meridians: Heart, small intestine and urinary bladder
Functions: 1. To promote water metabolism and relieve abnormal urination; 2. To clear heat and promote lactation
Indications & Combinations:
1. Damp-heat in the urinary bladder manifested as dysuria, painful urination, frequent urination, urgency of micturition and abdominal distension and fullness, or flaring up of heart fire manifested as ulceration of the mouth and tongue, irritability and blood in the urine. Clematis stem (Mutong) is used with Bamboo leaf (Zhuye), Licorice root (Gancao) and Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang) in the formula Daochi San.
2. Insufficient lactation. Clematis stem (Mutong) is used with Vaccaria seed (Wangbuliuxing) and Pangolin scales (Chuanshanjia), or Clematis stem (Mutong) is cooked with pig's feet.
Dosage: 3-6 g
Cautions & Contraindications: Avoid giving overdosages of the herb. It is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Clematis root (Weilingxian)

Clematis root (Weilingxian)

Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Clematidis
Botanical Name: 1. Clematis chinensis Osbeck; 2. Clematis hexapetala Pall.
Common Name: Clematis root
Source of Earliest Record: Xinxiu Bencao
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The roots, or rhizomes, are dug and gathered in autumn and then cleaned and dried in the sun.
Properties & Taste: Pungent, salty and warm.
Meridians: Urinary bladder.
Functions: 1. To dispel wind and damp; 2. To promote the circulation of meridians.
Indications & Combinations:
1. Wind-damp obstruction syndrome manifested as rheumatic pain, soreness, pain and numbness in the joints and motor impairment. Clematis root (Weilingxian) is used with Pubescent angelica root (Duhuo), Mulberry mistletoe (Sangjisheng) and Chinese angelica root (Danggui).
2. Fish bone stuck in the throat. The decoction of the herb is taken orally with vinegar.
Dosage: 5-10 g
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in a person with a weak constitution.

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Hướng phát triển của ngành dược liệu

Theo tổ chức Y tế thế giới (WHO) đánh giá, 80% dân số trên thế giới dựa vào nền y học cổ truyền để đáp ứng cho nhu cầu chăm sóc sức khoẻ ban đầu, trong đó chủ yếu là thuốc từ cây cỏ (WHO, IUCN & WWF, 1992). Thực tế cho thấy vấn đền này cũng ngày càng phổ biến ở cả các nước phát triển, nhất là trong 20 năm gần đây. Việc trở về với tự nhiên hay sự bảo vệ quyền lợi người tiêu dùng về sản phẩm tự nhiên (Green consumerism) dẫn đến chất lượng sản phẩm và các tiêu chuẩn hiệu lực được cải tiến. Sự tín nhiệm của sản phẩm từ thảo dược ngày càng được nâng cao, có thể tăng sức lực trong các nước phát triển và sự ưa thích trong các nước đang phát triển (Vasisht, K., 2004).

Mô hình trồng dược liệu (Dây thìa canh) (sưu tầm )
Nhà nước ta đã có chủ trương điều tra nguồn tài nguyên dược liệu ở phía Nam từ năm 1978 – 1985 và giao nhiệm vụ cho Phân Viện Dược Liệu TP. Hồ Chí Minh phối hợp với các trạm dược liệu thuộc các tỉnh tiến hành. Trong đó sự phối hợp điều tra với trạm dược liệu tỉnh Sông Bé đã tiến hành điều tra trên địa bàn cho thấy tỉnh Sông Bé có nguồn tài nguyên cây và con thuốc rất phong phú và đa dạng với hơn 600 loài cây làm thuốc được ghi nhận với nhiều loài là những cây thuốc quí, có giá trị như Vàng đắng, Nhân trần tía, Kim tiền thảo, Sâm cau, Sâm Bố Chính....Tỉnh Bình Dương lại là nơi có truyền thống lâu đời trong việc bảo tồn vốn quý y học cổ truyền, nghiên cứu, chế biến sử dụng, nuôi trồng thảo dược phục vụ cho công tác phòng và chữa bệnh trong nhân dân.


Hơn 20 năm qua với những thay đổi lớn về điều kiện kinh tế – xã hội (chia tách tỉnh, tốc độ công nghiệp hóa, diện tích rừng tự nhiên bị thu hẹp...) đã ảnh hưởng đến sự phân bố tự nhiên, thành phần các loài cây thuốc giảm mạnh, trữ lượng các cây thuốc ngày càng cạn kiệt, nhiều loài cây thuốc quí có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng do không được bảo tồn và khai thác hợp lý trong khi đó xu hướng trở về với thiên nhiên, tìm kiếm nguồn thuốc mới từ cây cỏ, sử dụng thuốc từ thảo dược trên thế giới ngày càng tăng. Theo báo cáo tổng kết công tác dược của Cục quản lý dược năm 2005 thì ở nước ta hơn 90% nguyên liệu phải nhập khẩu, chủ yếu là sản xuất các dạng thuốc thông thường. Điều đó cho thấy tình trạng sản xuất nguyên liệu dược ở Việt Nam còn bất cập. Trong khi “Chiến lược phát triển Ngành dược giai đoạn đến năm 2010”  (tháng 8/2002) đã nêu rõ «Mục tiêu phát triển Ngành dược thành một ngành mũi nhọn theo hướng công nghiệp hóa - hiện đại hóa phải từng bước đáp ứng nguồn nguyên liệu làm thuốc bảo đảm sản xuất từ trong nước 60% nhu cầu thuốc phòng bệnh và chữa bệnh của xã hội». Cho đến nay Thủ tướng Chính phủ cũng ra hai quyết định trong năm 2007 về phát triển công nghiệp dược, đó là:

1/ Quyết định số 43/2007/QĐ-TTg ngày 29/3/2007 phê duyệt đề án «Phát triển công nghiệp dược và xây dựng mô hình hệ thống cung ứng thuốc của Việt Nam giai đoạn 2007 – 2015 và tầm nhìn đến năm 2020», trong đó nêu rõ «Tập trung nghiên cứu và hiện đại hoá công nghệ chế biến, sản xuất thuốc có nguồn gốc từ dược liệu; quy hoạch, xây dựng các vùng nuôi trồng và chế biến dược liệu theo tiêu chuẩn GACP của WHO để đảm bảo đủ nguyên liệu cho sản xuất thuốc; khai thác hợp lý dược liệu tự nhiên, bảo đảm lưu giữ tái sinh và phát triển nguồn gen dược liệu; tăng cường đầu tư phát triển các cơ sở chiết xuất hoạt chất tinh khiết từ dược liệu sản xuất trong nước và xuất khẩu».

2/ Quyết định số 61/2007/QĐ-TTg ngày 07/5/2007 phê duyệt «Chương trình nghiên cứu khoa học công nghệ trọng điểm quốc gia phát triển công nghiệp hóa dược đến năm 2020», trong đó cũng nêu rõ mục tiêu «Nghiên cứu khai thác và sử dụng có hiệu quả các hoạt chất thiên nhiên chiết tách, tổng hợp hoặc bán tổng hợp được từ các nguồn dược liệu và tài nguyên thiên nhiên quý báu là thế mạnh của nước ta, phục vụ tốt công nghiệp bào chế một số loại thuốc đặc thù của Việt Nam, đáp ứng nhu cấu chữa bệnh và xuất khẩu».
Gần đây, theo thông báo kết luận của Ban Bí thư tại văn bản số 143/TB-TW ngày 27/3/2008, Thủ tướng Chính phủ Nguyễn Tấn Dũng đã có ý kiến chỉ đạo và Bộ Y tế đã chủ trì, phối hợp với các Bộ Khoa học và Công nghệ, Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn, Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường và các địa phương liên quan tổ chức tổng kết, đánh giá kết quả toàn diện 20 năm thực hiện Đề án «Bảo tồn gen và giống cây thuốc» vào tháng 5/2009 tại Tam Đảo. Căn cứ kết quả và bài học kinh nghiệm rút ra sau khi thực hiện Đề án nói trên để xây dựng Đề án «Thành lập Vườn quốc gia bảo tồn và phát triển cây thuốc Việt Nam».

Trên cơ sở đó việc đánh giá lại hiện trạng nguồn tài nguyên cây thuốc, cập nhật các cây thuốc của tỉnh để có định hướng cho nhu cầu khai thác sử dụng, khả năng trồng trọt phát triển nhằm bảo tồn tài nguyên, tạo nguồn nguyên dược liệu ổn định phục vụ cho nhu cầu sản xuất, điều trị phòng và chữa bệnh góp phần cải thiện nâng cao đời sống đồng bào khu vực tỉnh Bình Dương là công việc cần thiết và cấp bách.

Citron (Xiangyuan)

Thứ Ba, 29 tháng 11, 2011

Citron (Xiangyuan)

Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Citri
Botanical Name: 1. Citrus medica L.; 2. Citrus wilsonii Tanaka
Common Name: Citron fruit
Source of Earliest Record: Bencao Tujing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The ripe fruit is gathered in October, cleaned, dried in the sun and cut into slices.
Properties & Taste: Pungent, slightly bitter, sour and warm.
Meridians: Liver, spleen and lung
Functions: 1. To promote the free flow of qi in the liver; 2. To harmonize the spleen and stomach and resolve phlegm
Indications & Combinations:
1. Qi stagnation in the liver manifested as costal pain and stifling sensation in the chest. Citron (Xiangyuan) is used with Curcuma root (Yujin), Finger citron (Foshou) and Cyperus tuber (Xiangfu).
2. Qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach manifested as epigastric and abdominal distension and pain, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite and belching. Citron (Xiangyuan) is used with Costus root (Muxiang), Finger citron (Foshou), Bitter orange (Zhiqiao) and Tangerine peel (Chenpi).
3. Cough with profuse sputum. Citron (Xiangyuan) is used with Pinellia tuber (Banxia) and Poria (Fuling).
Dosage: 3-10 g.

Cistanche (Roucongrong)

Cistanche (Roucongrong)


Pharmaceutical Name: Herba cistanches
Botanical Name: Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma
Common Name: Cistanche
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The fleshy stems are gathered in spring, dried in the sun and cut into slices.
Properties & Taste: Sweet, salty and warm.
Meridians: Kidney and large intestine.
Functions: 1. To tonify the kidneys and strengthen yang; 2. To moisten the intestines and move feces
Indications & Combinations:
1. Deficiency of the kidneys manifested as impotence. Cistanche (Roucongrong) is used with Prepared rehmannia root (Shudihuang), Dadder seed (Tusizi) and Schisandra fruit (Wuweizi) in the formula Roucongrong Wan.
2. Frigidity and infertility. Cistanche (Roucongrong) is used with Antler glue (Lujiaojiao), Human placenta (Ziheche) and Prepared rehmannia root (Shudihuang).
3. Pain in the lower back and knees and fragile bones and tendons due to kidney deficiency. Cistanche (Roucongrong) is used with Morinda root (Bajitian) and Eucommia bark (Duzhong) in the formula Jingang Wan.
4. Constipation due to dryness in the intestines. Cistanche (Roucongrong) is used with Hemp seed (Huomaren) in the formula Runchang Wan.
Dosage: 10-20 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with deficiency of yin with excessive fire, diarrhea or constipation due to excessive heat in the stomach and intestine.

Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi)

Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi)


Pharmaceutical Name: Ramulus Cinnamomi
Botanical Name: Cinnamomum cassia Presl
Common Name: Cinnamon twigs, Cassia twigs
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The twigs are picked in the spring, dried in a shady place or in the sunshine and then cut into slices or pieces.
Properties & Taste: Pungent-spicy, sweat and warm.
Meridians: Heart, lung and urinary bladder
Functions: 1. To promote diaphoresis and relieve exterior syndrome; 2. To promote blood circulation; 3. To warm the meridians and disperse cold
Indications & Combinations:
1. Wind-cold type of exterior syndrome. Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi) used with Ephedra (Mahuang) increases the diaphoretic action of the herb.
2. Wind-cold type of exterior deficiency syndrome manifested as sweating, aversion to wind, fever and superficial and tardy pulse. Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi) is used with White peony root (Baishao) in the formula Guizhi Tang.
3. Arthritic pain caused by invasion of exogenous wind, cold and damp manifested as soreness and pain in the joints, limbs, shoulders and back. Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi) is used with Prepared aconite root (Fuzi).
4. Deficiency of yang in the heart and spleen manifested as palpitations, edema and shortness of breath. Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi) is used with Poria (Fuling) and White atractylodes (Baizhu).
5. Weakness of yang in the chest (including what is known as Angina pectoria in Western medicine) manifested as pain in the chest, palpitations, or intermittent pulse. Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi) is used with Macrostem onion (Xiebai) and Trichosanthes fruit (Gualou).
6. Amenorrhea abdominal pain due to cold invasion and blood stasis. Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi) is used with Peach seed (Taoren), Moutan bark (Mudanpi) and Poria (Fuling) in the formula Guizhi Fuling Wan.
Dosage: 3-10 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: The herb is contraindicated in warmfebrile disease as well as cases of deficient yin with heat signs. It should be used with caution in pregnant women.

Cinnamon bark (Rougui)

Cinnamon bark (Rougui)


Pharmaceutical Name: Cortex Cinnamomi
Botanical Name: Cinnamomum cassia presl
Common Name: Cinnamon bark, Cassia bark
Source of Earliest Record: Mingyi Bielu
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The bark is cut in the period of Great Heat (twelfth solar term) and peeled off in the period of the Beginning of Autumn (thirteenth solar term). It is dried in the shade and cut into slices.
Properties & Taste: Pungent, sweet and hot
Meridians: Kidney, spleen, heart and liver.
Functions: 1. To tonify the kidneys; 2. To dispel cold and stop pain; 3. To warm the channels and promote circulation
Indications & Combinations:
1. Kidney yang deficiency manifested as cold limbs, soreness and weakness of the lumbar region and knees, impotence, spermatorrhea and frequent urination. Cinnamon bark (Rougui) is used with Prepared aconite root (Fuzi), Prepared rehmannia root (Shudihuang) and Dogwood fruit (Shanzhuyu) in the formula Gui Fu Bawei Wan.
2. Deficient yang of the spleen and kidneys manifested as cold pain in the epigastric and abdominal regions, poor appetite and loose stool. Cinnamon bark (Rougui) is used with Dried ginger (Ganjiang), White atractylodes (Baizhu) and Prepared aconite root (Fuzi) in the formula Gui Fu Lizhong Wan.
3. Cold stagnation in the meridians manifested as epigastric and abdominal cold pain, lower back pain, general pain, irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhea. Cinnamon bark (Rougui) is used with Dried ginger (Ganjiang), Evodia fruit (Wuzhuyu), Chinese angelica root (Danggui) and Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong).
4. Yin type of boils (chronic boils). Cinnamon bark (Rougui) is used with Astragalus root (Huangqi) and Chinese angelica root (Danggui) in the formula Tuoli Huangqi Tang.
Dosage: 2-5 g
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma)

Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma)

Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Cimicifugae
Botanical Name: 1. Cimicifuga foetida L.; 2. Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz) Maxim.; 3. Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.
Common Name: Cimicifuga rhizome, Bugbane rhizome
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The roots, or rhizomes, are dug in summer or autumn and dried in the sun. After removing the fibrous roots, they are soaked in water and cut into pieces.
Properties & Taste: Pungent, sweet and slightly cold.
Meridians: Spleen, lung, large intestine and stomach
Functions: 1. To release the exterior and bring measle rash to the surface; 2. To clear heat and toxins; 3. To raise the yang-qi
Indications & Combinations:
1. Early stage of measles with incomplete expression of the rash. Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma) is used with Pueraria root (Gegen) in the formula Shengma Gegen Tang.
2. Excessive heat in the stomach meridian manifested as headache, swelling of gums, painful gums, painful teeth and ulceration of tongue and mouth. Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma) is used with Coptis root (Huanglian), Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang), Gypsum (Shigao) and Moutan bark (Mudanpi) in the formula Qingwei San.
3. Sore throat caused by invasion of exogenous wind and heat. Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma) is used with Scrophularia (Xuanshen), Platycodon root (Jiegeng), Arctium fruit (Niubangzi) in the formula Niubang Tang.
4. Sinking of qi in the spleen and stomach manifested as chronic diarrhea, prolapse of rectum, uterine prolapse and gastroptosis. Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma) is used with Ginseng (Renshen), Scutellaria root (Huangqin) and White atractylodes (Baizhu) in the formula Buzhong Yiqi Tang.
5. Boils, carbuncles, furuncles and skin disease. Cimicifuga rhizome (Shengma) is used with Dandelion herb (Pugongying), Honeysuckle flower (Jinyinhua), Forsythia fruit (Lianqiao) and Red peony (Chishao).
Dosage: 3-10 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in patients who have difficulty breathing, who have measles with complete rashes, or who have deficient yin syndrome with heat.

Cicada slough (Chantui)

Cicada slough (Chantui)


Pharmaceutical Name: Periostracum Cicadae
Zoological Name: Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius
Common Name: Cicada slough
Source of Earliest Record: Mingyi Bielu
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The slough shed by the cicada is found on the ground or on the branches of trees, then dried in the sun.
Properties & Taste: Sweet and cold
Meridians: Lung and liver
Functions: 1. To disperse wind and clear heat; 2. To bring the rash to the surface and relieve itching; 3. To clear eyes; 4. To stop spasms
Indications & Combinations:
1. Wind-heat exterior syndrome manifested as fever, headache, sore throat and hoarse voice. Cicada slough (Chantui) is used with Boat sterculia seed (Pangdahai), Arctium fruit (Niubangzi) and Platycodon root (Jiegeng).
2. Early stage of measles without rash. Cicada slough (Chantui) is used with Pueraria root (Gegen) and Arctium fruit (Niubangzi).
3. Itching due to the surface being attacked by exogenous wind. Cicada slough (Chantui) is used with Tribulus fruit (Baijili) and Schizonepeta (Jingjie).
4. Wind-heat of liver meridian manifested as red eyes, watery eyes and blurred vision. Cicada slough (Chantui) is used with Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua) and Shave grass (Muzei) in the formula Chan Hua San.
5. Convulsions and spasms due to tetanus or high fever. Cicada slough (Chantui) is used with Scorpion (Quanxie), White-stiff silkworm (Baijiangcan), Uncaria stem (Gouteng) and Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua).
Dosage: 3-10 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb should be used with caution during pregnancy.

Cibot rhizome (Gouji)

Thứ Hai, 28 tháng 11, 2011

Cibot rhizome (Gouji)

Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Cibotii
Botanical Name: Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm.
Common Name: Cibot rhizome, Chain fern
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The rhizomes are dug in autumn. After the fibrous roots have been removed, the rhizomes are soaked in wine for one day, steamed, cut into slices and dried in the sun.
Properties & Taste: Bitter, sweet and warm.
Meridians: Liver and kidney.
Functions: 1. To tonify liver and kidneys; 2. To strengthen bones and tendons; 3. To expel wind and dampness
Indications & Combinations:
1. Deficiency of the liver and kidneys manifested as soreness and pain in the lower back and knees. Cibot rhizome (Gouji) is used with Eucommia bark (Duzhong), Teasel root (Xuduan) and Cyathula root (Niuxi).
2. Deficient liver and kidneys accompanied by invasion of wind and dampness manifested as soreness and pain in the lower back and knees and motor impairment. Cibot rhizome (Gouji) is used with Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi), Large-leaf gentian root (Qinjiao) and Futokadsura stem (Haifengteng).
Dosage: 10-15 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with dysuria, scanty, yellow or brown urine, bitter taste in the mouth or dryness of the tongue.

Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong)

Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong)


Pharmaceutical Name: Radix chuanxiong
Botanical Name: Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.
Common Name: Chuanxiong rhizome, Szechuan lovage root
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The rhizomes are dug in late May. The fibrous roots are soaked and cut into slices.
Properties & Taste: Pungent and warm
Meridians: Liver, gall bladder and pericardium
Functions: 1. To invigorate blood and promote qi circulation; 2. To expel wind and stop pain.
Indications & Combinations:
1. Blood and qi stagnation: a) irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea and amenorrheaChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Chinese angelica root (Danggui), Red peony (Chishao), Cyperus tuber (Xiangfu) and Motherwort (Yimucao); b) difficult laborChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Cyathula root (Niuxi) and Tortoise plastron (Guiban); c) postpartum abdominal painChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Motherwort (Yimucao), Peach seed (Taoren) and Safflower (Honghua); d) hypochondric painChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Bupleurum root (Chaihu), Cyperus tuber (Xiangfu) and Curcuma root (Yujin); e) numbness of the limbsChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Red peony (Chishao), Earthworm (Dilong) and Spatholobus stem (Jixueteng).
2. Headache: a) wind-cold headacheChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Dahurian angelica root (Baizhi) and Asarum herb (Xixin) in the formula Chuanxiong Cha Tiao San; b) wind-heat headacheChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua), Gypsum (Shigao) and White-stiff silkworm (Baijiangcan) in the formula Chuanxiong San; c) wind-damp headacheChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Notopterygium root (Qianghuo), Ligusticum root (Gaoben) and Ledebouriella (Fangfeng) in the formula Qianghuo Shengshi Tang; d) headache due to blood stagnationChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Red peony (Chishao), Red sage root (Danshen) and Safflower (Honghua); e) headache due to deficient bloodChuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Chinese angelica root (Danggui) and White peony root (Baishao).
3. Wind-damp obstruction syndrome (painful joints). Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) is used with Notopterygium root (Qianghuo), Pubescent angelica root (Duhuo), Ledebouriella (Fangfeng) and Mulberry twigs (Sangzhi).
Dosage: 3-10 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated during hemorrhagic diseases and during profuse menstrual flow.

Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua)

Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua)


Pharmaceutical Name: Flos chrysanthemi
Botanical Name: Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The chrysanthemum flower is gathered and then dried in the shade.
Properties & Taste: Pungent, sweet, bitter and slightly cold
Meridians: Lung and liver.
Functions: 1. To dispel wind and clear heat; 2. To release toxins and brighten the eyes; 3. To pacify the liver
Indications & Combinations:
1. Wind-heat exterior syndrome manifested as fever, headache, chills and sore throat. Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua) is used with Mulberry leaf (Sangye), Mentha (Bohe) and Platycodon root (Jiegeng) in the formula Sang Ju Yin.
2. Wind-heat in the liver meridian or an upward attack of liver fire manifested as red, swelling and painful eyes. Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua) is used with Mulberry leaf (Sangye), Cicada slough (Chantui) and Prunella spike (Xiakucao).
3. Yin deficiency in the liver and kidneys manifested as blurred vision and dizziness. Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua) is used with Wolfberry fruit (Gouqizi) and Grossy privet fruit (Nuzhenzi) in the formula Qi Ju Dihuang Wan.
4. Hyperactivity of liver yang manifested as dizziness, vertigo and blurred vision. Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua) is used with Cassia seed (Juemingzi), Uncaria stem (Gouteng) and White peony root (Baishao).
Dosage: 10-15 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: The yellow chrysanthemum flower is mainly indicated in wind-heat exterior syndrome, while the white chrysanthemum flower is used to pacify the liver, expel wind and brighten the eyes.

Chinese starjasmine (Luoshiteng)

Chinese starjasmine (Luoshiteng)

Pharmaceutical Name: Calilis trachelospermi
Botanical Name: Tranchelospermun jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem.
Common Name: Chinese starjasmine.
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The foliated stems are gathered in winter or spring, cleaned, dried in the sun and cut into small pieces. The raw stems can be steamed with yellow wine.
Properties & Taste: Bitter and slightly cold.
Meridians: Heart and liver.
Functions: 1. To dispel wind and dampness and clear the collaterals; 2. To cool the blood and reduce swelling
Indications & Combinations:
1. Wind-damp obstruction syndrome manifested as rheumatic pain, spasm of the muscles and contraction of tendons. Chinese starjasmine (Luoshiteng) is used with Acanthopanax bark (Wujiapi) and Cyathula root (Niuxi).
2. Sore throat and abscess. Chinese starjasmine (Luoshiteng) is used with Honeylocust thorn (Zaojiaoci), Trichosanthes fruit (Gualou), Frankincense (Ruxiang) and Myrrh (Moyao) in the formula Zitong Linbao San.
Dosage: 6-15 g.

Chinese rose flower (Yuejihua)

Chinese rose flower (Yuejihua)

Pharmaceutical Name: Flos Rosae chinensis
Botanical Name: Rosa chinensis Jacq.
Common Name: Chinese rose flower
Source of Earliest Record: Bencao Gangmu.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The flower buds are gathered in June or July in fair weather. Then the buds are opened and dried in the shade.
Properties & Taste: Sweet and warm.
Meridian: Liver
Functions: 1. To invigorate blood and regulate menstruation; 2. To reduce swelling
Indications & Combinations:
1. Qi and blood stagnation in the liver manifested as irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea. Chinese rose flower (Yuejihua) is used with Chinese angelica root (Danggui), Red sage root (Danshen) and Cyperus tuber (Xiangfu).
2. Scrofula and swellings. Chinese rose flower (Yuejihua) is used with Prunella spike (Xiakucao), Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuanbeimu) and Oyster shell (Muli).
Dosage: 3-6 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: Excessive use of this herb may cause diarrhea. It should be used with caution in cases with weakness of the spleen and stomach. It is also contraindicated during pregnancy.

Chinese green onion (Congbai)

Chinese green onion (Congbai)

Pharmaceutical Name: Bulbus Allii Fistulosi
Botanical Name: Allium fistulosum L.
Common Name: Allium bulb, Wild scallion, Chinese green onion.
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The fresh, white bulb is gathered in any season.
Properties & Taste: Pungent and warm.
Meridians: Lung and stomach
Functions: 1. To release the exterior and cause sweating; 2. To disperse cold by invigorating yang-qi; 3. To alleviate toxins
Indications & Combinations:
1. Initial stage of wind-cold exterior syndrome (the very early stage of common cold). Chinese green onion (Congbai) is used with Fresh ginger (Shengjiang) and Prepared soybean (Douchi).
2. Abdominal pain due to stagnation of qi by cold, or retention of urine due to dysfunction of qi of the urinary bladder. The heated Chinese green onion (Congbai) is used for external application on the umbilicus.
3. Boils, carbuncles, ulceration and skin disease. The mashed Chinese green onion (Congbai) can be mixed with honey and applied to the affected area.
Dosage: 3-10 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb should not be taken with honey.

Chinese gentian (Longdancao)

Chinese gentian (Longdancao)

Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Gentianae
Botanical Name: 1. Gentiana scabra Bge.; 2. Gentiana triflora Pall.; 3 Gentiana manshurica Kitag.
Common Name: Chinese gentian
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The roots, or rhizomes, are gathered in autumn, dried in the sun and cut into pieces.
Properties & Taste: Bitter and cold
Meridians: Liver, gall bladder and stomach
Functions: 1. To clear heat and dry dampness; 2. To reduce fire in the liver
Indications & Combinations:
1. Damp-heat syndrome: a) damp-heat jaundiceChinese gentian (Longdancao) is used with Oriental wormwood (Yinchenhao) and Capejasmine (Zhizi); b) damp-heat leukorrhea manifested as pain and swelling in the genitals and eczemaChinese gentian (Longdancao) is used with Phellodendron bark (Huangbai), Flavescent sophora root (Kushen) and Plantain seed (Cheqianzi).
2. Upward attack of liver fire manifested as headache, distending sensation in the head, red eyes, deafness and pain in the costal regions. Chinese gentian (Longdancao) is used with Scutellaria root (Huangqin), Capejasmine (Zhizi), Bupleurum root (Chaihu) and Clematis stem (Mutong).
3. Fever, spasms and convulsions. Chinese gentian (Longdancao) is used with Uncaria stem (Gouteng) and Ox gallstone (Niuhuang).
Dosage: 3-10 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with weakness and cold in the spleen and stomach.

Chinese chive seed (Jiuzi)

Chinese chive seed (Jiuzi)

Pharmaceutical Name: Semen Allii tuberosi
Botanical Name: Allium tuberosum Rottl.
Common Name: Chinese leek, Chinese chive seed
Source of Earliest Record: Bencao Jingji Zhi.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The seeds are collected in autumn, and then dried in the sun or fried.
Properties & Taste: Pungent, sweet and warm
Meridians: Liver and kidney
Functions: 1. To tonify the liver and kidneys; 2. To strengthen yang and control the essence
Indications & Combinations:
1. Deficiency of kidney yang manifested as impotence and cold pain in the lower back and knees. Chinese chive seed (Jiuzi) is used with Cistanche (Roucongrong) and Morinda root (Bajitian).
2. Frequent urination or leukorrhea due to deficient kidneys. Chinese chive seed (Jiuzi) is used with Psoralea fruit (Buguzhi), Dioscorea (Shanyao) and Bitter cardamom (Yizhiren).
Dosage: 5-10 g (for decoction or pills).
Cautions & Contraindications: The herb is contraindicated in cases with deficiency of yin with excessive fire.

Chinese angelica root (Danggui)

Chinese angelica root (Danggui)


Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Angelicae sinensis
Botanical Name: Angelica sinensis (oliv.) Diels
Source of Earliest Record: Shennong Bencao Jing.
Part Used & Method for Pharmaceutical Preparations: The roots are dug in late autumn. After the fibrous roots have been removed, the roots are laced, or smoked, with sulfur and cut into slices.
Properties & Taste: Sweet, pungent and warm
Meridians: Liver, heart and spleen.
Functions: 1. To replenish blood; 2. To invigorate blood and stop pain; 3. To moisten the intestines
Indications & Combinations:
1. Syndromes due to deficiency of blood. Chinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with White peony root (Baishao), Prepared rehmannia root (Shudihuang) and Astragalus root (Huangqi) in the formula Siwu Tang or Danggui Buxue Tang.
2. Irregular menstruation. Chinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Prepared rehmannia root (Shudihuang), White peony root (Baishao) and Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong) in the formula Siwu Tang.
3. Dysmenorrhea. Chinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Cyperus tuber (Xiangfu), Corydalis tuber (Yanhusuo) and Motherwort (Yimucao).
4. Amenorrhea. Chinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Peach seed (Taoren) and Safflower (Honghua).
5. Uterine bleeding. Chinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Donkey hide gelatin (Ejiao), Mugwort leaf (Aiye) and Fresh rehmannia root (Shengdihuang).
6. Pains due to stagnation of blood: a) pain caused by external injuriesChinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Safflower (Honghua), Peach seed (Taoren), Frankincense (Ruxiang) and Myrrh (Moyao); b) pain caused by carbuncles and furunclesChinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Moutan bark (Mudanpi), Red peony (Chishao), Honeysuckle flower (Jinyinhua) and Forsythia fruit (Lianqiao); c) postpartum abdominal painChinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Motherwort (Yimucao), Peach seed (Taoren) and Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong); d) wind-damp obstruction (rheumatic pain)Chinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Cinnamon twigs (Guizhi), Spatholobus stem (Jixueteng) and White peony root (Baishao).
7. Constipation due to dryness in the intestines. Chinese angelica root (Danggui) is used with Cistanche (Roucongrong) and Hemp seed (Huomaren).
Dosage: 5-15 g.
Cautions & Contraindications: The head of the herb is more effective for nourishing blood; the tail is good for moving blood; and the body is used to invigorate and nourish blood. Chinese angelica root (Danggui), when mixed with wine, can enhance the function of invigorating blood. It is contraindicated in cases of excessive dampness in the stomach and spleen, and of diarrhea or loose stool.